Mun-Gyu Jun¹, Kyung-Rok Oh¹, Chulhwan Choi²

¹Kyung Hee University, College of Physical Education, Department of Coaching, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
²Gachon University, Department of Physical Education, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea

Effects of Self-Management Behavior of Closed Sports Athletes on Concentration and Competition State Anxiety

Sport Mont 2023, 21(2), 25-32 | DOI: 10.26773/smj.230704

Abstract

Athletes are required to strive to demonstrate their best performance not only in physical training but also in mental toughness. This study aims to understand the effects of self-management behaviors of athletes competing in closedskill sports on maintaining concentration and resolving competition state anxiety. An offline survey was conducted with 301 participants, shooting athletes selected using convenience sampling. This questionnaire consists of 14 items, and 11 sub-factors. All items were measured using a five-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 5 = very much). Results revealed that self-management behaviors (training, mental power, interpersonal, intrinsic, and physical management) have significant positive effects on athletes’ concentration (attention, confidence, immersion, and goal setting). Additionally, self-management behaviors (training and mental power) positively affect competition state anxiety (somatic and cognitive). The results of this study confirm that managing athletes’ mental health could play an important role in the concentration and anxiety that affect athletic performance. This study provides important data for athletes who need to demonstrate their best performance in competitions.

Keywords

training, mental power, interpersonal, intrinsic, physical, psychological state

View full article
(PDF – 136KB)

References

Ahn, S. (2016). Achievement objective tendency, self-management behavior, and sport confidence in Sepaktakraw players followed by performance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Daegu, Korea: Daegu Catholic University.

Chun, S. Y. (2017). The Relation between Sports Concentration and Attentiveness by Sports Type (Unpublished master’s thesis). Seoul, Korea: Ewha Womans University.

Etzel, E F. (1979). Validation of conceptual model characterizing attention among international rifle shooters. Journal of Sports Psychology, 1, 281-290.

Gustafsson, H., Sagar, S. S., & Stenling, A. (2017). Fear of failure, psychological stress, and burnout among adolescent athletes competing in high level sport. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 27(12), 2091-2102.

Parnabas, V. A., Mahamood, Y., & Parnabas, J. (2013). The relationship between cognitive and somatic anxiety on performance of student-athletes of University Malaysia Perlis (UNIMAP). Sport and Art, 1(3), 61-66.

Heo, J. H. (2003). Development and Validation of Athletes’ Self-Management Questionnaire (ASMQ), Korean Journal of Sport Psychology, 14(2), 95-109.

Heo, J. H. (2001). Theoretical Approach on Sport Self-Management Strategies. The Research Institute of Sports Science, 14, 267-284.

Jang, J. (2012). The effect of psychological skills training on psychological variable and performance in shooting and archery players (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Gwangju, Korea: Chonnam National University.

Jones, G., & Hanton, S. (1996). Interpretation of competitive anxiety symptoms and goal attainment expectancies. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 18(2), 144-157.

Jun, M. G. (2019). Exploring athletic performance factors of shooting players (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Seoul, Korea: Kyung Hee University.

Kang, M. G., & Yoo, K. S. (2018). The Relationship among Mentoring Role of General Sport Class Coach’s, Sport Confidence, Self-Management Behaviors and Exercise Flow of Participants in Fitness Center. The Korea Journal of Sport, 16(1), 147-157.

Kim, B. H. (2005). Sport Science: The Relationships between Concentration and Athlete Performance. Korean Journal of Sports Science, 27, 35-41.

Kim, B. J. (2003). A Survey of Korean Athletes About Psychological Skills and Sport Psychology Services. Korean Society of Sport Psychology, 14(4), 205-222.

Kim, B. S., Lee, S. K., & Kim, J. Y. (2017). the effect of fencing athletes’ self-management on exercise flow and concentration. The Korean Journal of Sport, 15(3), 785-794.

Kim, G. Y., & Park, J. H. (2016). Badminton player, sport spirit, sports concentration, perceived performances, latent means analysis, multi-group analysis. Journal of Coaching Development, 18(1), 67-78.

Kim, H. D., & Cruz, A. B. (2021). Psychological influence of self-management on exercise self-confidence, satisfaction, and commitment of martial arts practitioners in Korea: A meta-analytic approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 691974.

Kim, H. K. (2016). The structural relationship among stress, competitive anxiety and sport-confidence of youth soccer athletes (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Seoul, Korea: Sungkyunkwan University.

Kim, Y. (2011). The influences of self-management and psychological skills on concentration among elite shooting athletes (Unpublished master’s thesis). Mokpo, Korea: Mokpo National University.

Kim, Y. M. (2018). The Influence Relationship between Achievement Goal Orientation, Self-Management and Sport Self-Confidence in Cyclists. The Korean Journal of Sport, 16(1), 481-493.

Kirk, S. A., & Chalfant, J. C. (1984). Academic and developmental learning disabilities: Attentional disabilities. Columbus Ohio: Love Publishing Company.

Lee, A., Park, S., Kim, N., & Nam, Y. (2015). Qualitative research on actual wearing conditions and satisfaction of rifle shooting clothing. Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles, 39(4), 517-528.

Lee, E. K. (2011). The development of a psychological skills scale for elite archery (Unpublished dissertation). Seoul, Korea: Korea University.

Lee, M. K., & Kim, A. R. (2011). Development and validation of attention-concentration ability test for children and adolescent. Korean Journal of Counseling, 12(4), 1391-1411.

Lee, S. (2020). An Analysis of the Differences in Psychological Factors Recognized by Superior and Non-Excellent Athlete during a Competition (Unpublished master’s thesis). Gwangju, Korea: Chosun University.

Martens, R. (1977). Sport competition anxiety test. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics publishers.

Martens, R., Burton, D., Vealey, R. S., Bump, L. A., & Smith, D. E. (1990). Development and validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). In R. Martens, R. S. Vealey, & Burton, D. Competitive anxiety in sport (pp. 117-213). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Moon, H. S., & Park, J. S. (2008). The Relationship between Archers` Self-management and Self-confidence. Korean Journal of Sport Psychology, 19(1), 19-32.

Moon, W., Sung, C., & Jang, D. (2017). The effect of self-management on sport coping in shooters. Korean Society for Wellness, 12(1), 385-397.

Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill.

Ong, N. C., & Chua, J. H. (2021). Effects of psychological interventions on competitive anxiety in sport: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52(18), 101836.

Park, G. M. (2012). The Influence of Self-Management on Competition Anxiety of Middle School Men’s Tennis Player. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Seoul, Korea: Myongji University.

Park, J. S., & Kim, S. H. (2007). Development and Validation of Sports Concentration Scale. Korean Journal of Sport Psychology, 18(3), 87-100.

Park, S., Park, B., & Jeon, J. (2017). Exploring the competition preparation behavior of shooting players applying theory of planned behavior (TPB). Sport Science, 34(2), 39-46.

Reid, D. K., & Hresko, W. P. (1981). A cognitive approach to learning disabilities. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Sagar, S. S., Lavallee, D., & Spray, C. M. (2007). Why young elite athletes fear failure: Consequences of failure. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(11), 1171-1184.

Sagar, S. S., Lavallee, D., & Spray, C. M. (2009). Coping with the effects of fear of failure: A preliminary investigation of young elite athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 3(1), 73-98.

Sagar, S. S., & Lavallee, D. (2010). The developmental origins of fear of failure in adolescent athletes: Examining parental practices. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(3), 177-187.

Shin, J. (2015). The effect of rosemary and basil aromatherapy on shot concentration and mental-body stability of male amateur golfer (Unpublished master’s thesis). Busan, Korea: Youngsan University.

Shin, J. S., & Yoon, H. K. (2018). The Relationships between Self-Management Behavior, Self-Efficacy, and Performance of College Golf Athletes. Korean Journal of Sports Science, 27(2), 283-294.

Singer, R. N. (2002). Preperformance state, routines, and automaticity: what does it take to realize expertise in self-paced events? Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24(4), 359-375.

Suh, Y. J. (2005). Conceptual construction on professional dancer’s self-management (Unpublished master’s thesis). Seoul, Korea: Seoul National University.

Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2015). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology (6th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Woon, B. M. (2008). The Influences of Self-Management on Self-Confidence and Competition Anxiety of High School Bowling Players (Unpublished master’s thesis). Yongin, Korea: Dankook University.

Yeo, Y. G. (2010). The Relationship between the Self-Management and Sports Psychological Skills of Gymnasts. Journal of Coaching Development, 12(2), 87-95.

Yoo, J. (1966). Development of Psychological Skill Test for Korean Athletes. The Korean Journal of Physical Education, 35(3), 107-124.