Jyotsna Aggarwala1,2, Rinku Garg1, Subhra Chatterjee2
1Department of Physiology, Santosh Medical College & Hospital, Ghaziabad, India
2Human Performance Laboratory, Sports Authority of India
Linear Discriminant Analysis of Various Physiological and Psychological Parameters among Indian Elite Male Athletes of Different Types of Sports
Sport Mont 2022, 20(3), 53-60 | DOI: 10.26773/smj.221009
Abstract
The aim of this study was to categorize various physical, physiological, and psychological variables that discriminated among Indian elite male athletes participating in endurance sports (Group A, n=34, age=16.88±2.44 years), combat sports (Group B, n=35, age=17.40±1.37 years) and skill sports (Group C, n=34, age= 8.91±2.24 years) and non-athletic control group (Group D, N=33, years=18.48±2.03 years). Physical parameters included height, body weight, body fat percentage, lean body mass, muscle content, and total water content. Physiological parameters included heart rate variability and maximal aerobic power (VO2 max) measured using the Astrand protocol. Various psychological parameters were evaluated using Big Five Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaires. Discriminant analysis revealed three significant functions (P<0.05) contributing 65.7%, 25.8%, and 8.5% respectively to the model. After cross-validation, the resulting equation correctly classified 72.8% of endurance, combat, skill athletes, and control group. Total thirteen variables significantly (P<0.05) contributed to the discriminant analysis. The interpretation of the acquired discriminant functions was also based on the examination of the structure coefficients greater than 0.30. The athletes and control were discriminated mainly on VO2 max (structure coefficient, SC=0.741) in Function 1, body weight (SC=0.424), Lean body mass (SC=0.430), and muscle content (SC=0.574). This model substantiates the fact that elite male athletes show physical and physiological differences because of the different training regimens in their respective sports that conditioned them differently. In conclusion, these discriminant models could help in athlete’s induction, talent identification process and improving training programs.
Keywords
maximal aerobic power, linear discriminant analysis, endurance sports, combat sports, skill sports, psychological variables
View full article
(PDF – 214KB)
References
Aggarwala, J., Vij, H., & Dhingra, M. (2016). Comparison of Cardiac Autonomic Profile of Elite Archers and Boxers at Sports Authority of India. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 7(10), 13744-13747.
Andreoli, A., Melchiorri, G., Brozzi, M., Di Marco, A., Volpe, S. L., Garofano, P., ... & De Lorenzo, A. (2003). Effect of different sports on body cell mass in highly trained athletes. Acta Diabetologica, 40(1), s122-s125.
Anghel, A., Banica, I., & Ionescu, S. (2009). Personality features of elite athletes considering the criterion of the sport practiced. Sport Science Reviews, 1, 5–6.
Bassett D.R., & Howley E.T. (2000). Limiting factors for maximum oxygen uptake and determinants of endurance performance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(1), 70-84.
Buekers, M., Borry, P., & Rowe, P. (2015). Talent in sports. Some reflections about the search for future champions. Movement and Sport Science, 88(2), 3–12.
Callan, S.D., Brunner, D.M., Devolve, K.L., Mulligan, S.E., Hesson, J., Wilber, R.L., & Kearney, J.T. (2000). Physiological profiles of elite freestyle wrestlers. Journal of Strength Conditioning and Research, 14 (2), 162-169.
Carrillo, A.E., Christodoulou, V.X., Koutedakis, Y., & Flouris, A.D. (2011). Autonomic nervous systemmodulation during an archery competition in novice and experienced adolescent archers. Journal of Sports Science, 29(9), 913-917.
Cox, R.H. (2007). Sport psychology: Concepts and applications. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Dong, J.G. (2016). The role of heart rate variability in sports physiology. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 11(5), 1531-1536.
Garcia-Pallares, J., Lopez-Gullon, J.M., Torres-Bonete, M.D., & Izquierdo, M. (2012). Physical fitness factors to predict female Olympic wrestling performance and sex differences. Journal of Strength and Conditioning and Research, 26(3), 794–803.
Goldberg, L.R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48(1), 26–34.
Haugen, T., Paulsen, G., Seiler, S., & Sandbakk, Ø. (2018). New records in human power. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(6), 678–686.
James, L.P., Haff, G.G., Kelly, V., Beckman, E. (2016). Towards a determination of the physiological characteristics distinguishing successful mixed martial arts athletes: A systematic review of combat sport literature. Sports Medicine, 46 (10), 1525–1551.
Jon, J.H. (2015). The effect of resting heart rate variability on shooting performance among rapid fire pistolathletes. Exercise Science, 24(3), 315-321.
Kim, J., Cho, H., Jung, H., Yoon, J. (2011). Influence of performance level on anaerobic power and body composition in elite male Judoists. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(5), 1346-1354.
Kim, J.H., Roberge, R., Powell, J.B., Shafer, A.B., & Williams, W.J. (2013). Measurement accuracy of heart rate and respiratory rate during graded exercise and sustained exercise in the heat using the Zephyr Bioharness. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(6), 497-501.
Kiss, O., Sydó, N., Vargha, P., Vago, H., Czimbalmos, C., Edes, E., Zima, E., et al. (2016). Detailed heart rate variability analysis in athletes. Clinical Autonomic Research, 26(4), 245-252.
Lahav, Y., Goldstein, N., & Gepner, Y. (2021). Comparison of body composition assessment across body mass index categories by two multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis devices and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in clinical settings. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 75(8), 1275-1282.
Lau, J.S., Ghafar, R., Hashim, H.A., & Zulkifli, E.Z. (2020). Anthropometric and physical fitness components comparison between high-and low-performance archers. Annals of Applied Sport Sciences, 8(s2), e897.
Leone, M., Lariviere, G., & Comtois, A.S. (2002). Discriminant analysis of anthropometric and biomotor variables among elite adolescent female athletes in four sports. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(6), 443–449.
Lo, C.T., Huang, S.H., & Hung, T.M. (2008). A study of the relationship between heart rate variability and archery performance. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 69, 276-316.
Macsween, A. (2001). The reliability and validity of the Astrand nomogram and linear extrapolation for deriving VO2max from submaximal exercise data. Journal of Sport Medicine and Physical Fitness, 41(3), 312-317.
Matković, B.R., Misigoj-Duraković, M., Matković, B., et al. (2003). Morphological differences of elite Croatian soccer players according to the team position. Collegium Anthropologicum, 27(1), 167-174.
Merino Fernández, M., Dal Bello, F., Brabec Mota Barreto, L., Brito, C.J., Miarka, B., & López Díaz de Durana, A. (2019). State-trait anxiety and reduced emotional intelligence in combat sport athletes of different genders and competitive levels. Journal of Physical Education and Sports, 19(2), 363-368.
Neil, R., Mellalieu, S.D., & Hanton, S. (2006). Psychological skills usage and the competitive anxiety response as a function of skill level in rugby union. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5(3), 415-423.
Norusis, M. (1993). SPSS for windows release 6.0. Chicago: SPSS Inc.
Pion, J., Fransen, R., Lenoir, M., & Segers, V. (2014). The value of non-sportspecific characteristics for talent orientation in young male judo, karate and taekwondo athletes. Archives of Budo, 10(1), 147–152.
Plews, D.J., Laursen, P.B., Stanley, J., Kilding, A.E., & Buchheit, M. (2013). Training adaptation and heart rate variability in elite endurance athletes: Opening the door to effective monitoring. Sport Medicine, 43(9), 773–781.
Rankovic, G., Mutavdzic, V., Toskic, D., Preljevic, A., Kocic, M., Nedin- Rankovic, G., & Damjanovic, N. (2010). Aerobic capacity as an indicator in different kinds of sports. Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 10(1), 44–48.
Sanioglu, A., Ulker, M., & Tanis, Z.S. (2017). The effect of trait anxiety on success in individual athletes. Turkish Journal of Sports and Exercise, 19(2), 289-295.
Singh, D., Patel, S. (2014). Comparative study of maximum oxygen consumption of different game players. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 12, 17-19.
Spielberger, C.D., Gorsuch, R.L., Lushene, R., Vagg, P.R., & Jacobs, G.A. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Steca, P., Baretta, D., Greco, A., D'Addario, M., & Monzani, D. (2018). Associations between personality, sports participation and athletic success. A comparison of Big Five in sporting and non-sporting adults. Personal and Individual Differences, 121, 176-183.
Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2000). Using Multivariate Statistics. Allyn and Bacon, Boston.
Tarvainen, M.P., Niskanen, J.P., Lipponen, J.A., Ranta-Aho, P.O., & Karjalainen, P.A. (2014). Kubios HRV–heart rate variability analysis software. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 113(1), 210-220.
Venegas-Cárdenas, D., Caibul-Díaz, R., Mons, V., et al. (2019). Physical and physiological profile in youth elite Chilean wrestlers. Archives of Budo, 15, 249-257.