Filomena Mazzeo1, Stefania Santamaria1, Pietro Montesano2
1University of Naples Parthenope, Department of Science and Technology, Naples, Italy
2University of Naples Parthenope, Department of Motor Sciences and Wellness, Naples, Italy
Gender Difference, Nutritional Supplements and Drug use in Sport to Enhancing Performance: an Italian Revision over the Last Decade
Sport Mont 2019, 17(1), 69-73 | DOI: 10.26773/smj.190212
Abstract
In last years, there has been a multitude of studies on doping, such as in recreational and in amateur sport. The extent of this phenomenon was clarified for special populations (like e.g. bodybuilders) and for special substances (mostly for anabolic steroids). Doping is present in sportsmen and women; the reasons why may be many and various. The aim of this study is to discover the gender disparity of drugs addiction as doping practice and breakdown by sport bodies and gender. The data show the anti-doping test took place on Italian professional athletes during the last years: from 2007 to 2017. Data showed are originated from the report commissioned by the Italian Ministry of Health. About checked doped athletes there are significant gender differences in doping attitude and/or in doping profiling. First of all, males seem to be more exposed to doping than females. The prohibited substances most frequently used by females athletes are diuretics and masking agents (10 athletes in 2014), cannabinoids (5 in 2007) and stimulants (5 in 2011) compared to males athletes who use mostly anabolic agents (27 in 2017), cannabinoids (20 in 2012) and diuretics and masking agents (17 in 2011 e 2014). The addiction of doping substances, depends on various factors related to gender, but what drives men and women is the sense of gratification and ego orientation. Nowadays a significant number of women joined official and Olympic competitions. Doping to enhance female sport performances took importance from the two last decades of the past century.
Keywords
drugs, illicit substances, sport, gender, anti-doping controls, anti-doping programme
View full article
(PDF – 288KB)
References
Altavilla, G., Mazzeo, F., D’Elia, F., & Raiola, G. (2018). Physical commitment and specific work for each role in an elite soccer team. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(2), 570-574. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.02083
Badoud, F., Guillaume, D., Boccard J., Grata, E., Saugy, M., Rudaz, S., & Veuthey, J.L. (2011). Analytical aspect in doping control: Challenges and perspectives. Forensic Science International, 213, 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.07.024.
Bobzean, S.A.M., DeNobrega, A.K., & Perrotti, L.I. (2014). Sex differences in the neurobiology of drug addiction. Experimental Neurology, 259, 64–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.022.
Botre, F. (2008). New and old challenges of sport drug testing. J Mass Spectrom, 43, 903-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.1455.
Buccelli, C., Della Casa, E., Paternoster, M., Niola, M., & Pieri, M. (2016). Gender differences in drug abuse in the forensic toxicological approach. Forensic Science International, 265, 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.014.
Calatayud, V.A., Alcaide, G.G., Zurian, J.C., & Benavent, R.A. (2007). Consumption of anabolic steroids in sport, physical activity and as a drug of abuse: an analysis of the scientific literature and areas of research. Br J Sports Med, 42, 103-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2007.036228
D’elia, F., Mazzeo, F., & Raiola, G. (2018). The core curriculum in the university training of the teacher of physical education in Italy. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 13, S413-S420. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2018.13.Proc2.25
Duda, J.L., & Nicholls, J.C. (1992). Dimension of achievement motivation in schoolwork and sport. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84(3), 290-99. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.84.3.290
Duda, J.L., Chi, L., Newton, M.L., Walling, M.D., & Catley, D. (1995). Task and Ego Orientation and Intrinsic Motivation in Sport. Int. J. Sport. Psychol., 26, 40-63.
Dvorak, J., Baume, N., Botré, F., Broséus, J., Budgett, R., Frey, WO., Geyer, H., et al. (2014). Time for change: a roadmap to guide the implementation of the World Anti Doping Code 2015. Br J Sport Med, 0, 1-6.
Frenger, M., Pitsch, W., & Emrich, E. (2016). Sport-Induced Substance Use-An Empirical Study to the Extent within a German Sports Association. PloS one, 11(10), e0165103. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165103
Heggie, V. (2010). Testing sex and gender in sports; reinventing, reimagining and reconstructing histories. Endeavour, 34(4), 157-63.
Kayser, B., Mauron, A., & Miah, A. (2005). Viewpoint: Legalisation of Perfomance- Enhancing Drugs. The Lancet, 366, S21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67831-2
Marclay, F., Mangin, P., Margot, P., & Saugy, M. (2013). Perscpetcives for Forensic Intelligence in anti doping: Thinking outside of the box. Forensic Science International, 229, 133-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.04.009
Mazzeo, F. (2016). Drug abuse in elite athletes: Doping in sports. Sport Science, 9(2), 34-41.
Mazzeo, F. & Raiola, G. (2018). An investigation of drugs abuse in sport performance. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 13, S309-S319. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2018.13.Proc2.15
Mazzeo, F., Monda, V., Santamaria, S., Nigro, E., Valenzano, A., Villano, I., Cibelli, G., Messina, A., & Messina, G. (2018). Antidoping program: An important factor in the promotion and protection of the integrity of sport and athlete’s health. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(7-8), 1135-1145. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07722-2
Mazzeo, F., Santamaria, S., Monda, V., Tafuri, D., Dalia, C., Varriale, L., De Blasio, S., Esposito, V., Messina, G., & Monda, M. (2016). Dietary supplements use in competitive and non-competitive boxer: An exploratory study. Biology and Medicine, 8(4), art. no. 1000294. https://doi.org/10.4172/0974-8369.1000294
Mazzeo, F., Monda, M., Messina, G., Santamaria, S., Messina, A., Montesano, M., Monda, V., & Tafuri, D. (2016a). Doping in Italy: An analysis of its spread in ten years. Biology and Medicine, 8(1), 1000263. https://doi.org/10.4172/0974-8369.1000263
Moller, V. & Dimeo, P. (2014). Anti-doping – the end of sport. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 6(2) 259-272. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2013.798740
Montesano, P. & Mazzeo, F. (2018). Pilates improvement the individual basics of service and smash in volleyball. Sport Mont, 16(3), 25-30. https://doi.org/10.26773/smj.181005
Montesano, P., Tafuri, D., & Mazzeo, F. (2013). Improvement of the motor performance difference in athletes of weelchair basketball. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 13(3), 362-370. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2013.03058
Overbye, M., Knudsen, M.L., & Pfister, G. (2013). To dope or not to dope: Elite athletes’ perceprions of doping deterrents and incentive. Performace Enhancement & Health, 2, 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2013.07.001
Sjoqvist, F., Garle, M. & Rane, A. (2008). Use of doping agents, particularly anabolic steroids, in sports and society. Lancet, 371(9627), 1872-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60801-6.
Stella, L., de Novellis, V., Vitelli, M.R., Capuano, A., Mazzeo, F., Berrino, L., Rossi, F., & Filippelli, A. (2003). Interactive role of adenosine and dopamine in the opiate with-drawal syndrome. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 368(2), 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-003-0773-9
Strano, R.S., & Botrè, F. (2011). Prevalence of illicit drug use among the Italian athlete population with special attention on drugs of abuse: A 10 year review. J. Sports Sci, 29(5), 471-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2010.543915.
Striegel, H., Ulrich, R., & Simon, P. (2010). Randomized response estimates for doping and illicit drug use in elite athletes. Drug Alcohol Depend., 106(2-3), 230-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.07.026.
Tavani, A., Colombo, P., Scarpino, V., Zuccaro, P., Pacifici, R., & La Vecchia, C. (2012). Beliefs on and attitude toward doping use among athletes: an Italian Survey. IJPH, 9(4), e8669-1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2427/8669
Thevis, M. & Scänzer, W. (2014). Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non –approved drugs in human doping controls. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 101, 66-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.020
Valkenburg, D., de Hon, O., & van Hilvoorde, I. (2014). Doping control, providing whereabouts and the importance of privacy for elite athletes. Int. J. Drug Policy, 25, 212-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2013.12.013.
World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) (2010). A Brief History of Anti-doping. Retrived: http://www.wada-ama.org/en/About- WADA/History/A-Brief-History-of-Anti-Doping/